Stomach Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a disease that begins in the cells lining the stomach. It is one of the most common types of cancer globally, although it is often diagnosed in the later stages. While it is more common in certain parts of the world, such as East Asia, it can affect individuals of all ages and backgrounds. Early detection plays a key role in successful treatment, but understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for better outcomes. In this blog, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of stomach cancer, as well as the cost of stomach cancer treatment in India, which is an important consideration for those seeking medical care in this country.

Causes of Stomach Cancer

The exact cause of stomach cancer remains unclear, but several factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease.

1. Helicobacter pylori infection: One of the primary risk factors is an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacteria can cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach lining, leading to long-term damage. Persistent infection increases the risk of developing stomach cancer over time.

2. Diet: A diet rich in salty, smoked, and pickled foods is linked to a higher incidence of stomach cancer. High consumption of processed meats, alcohol, and a lack of fruits and vegetables also contribute to a higher risk.

3. Family History and Genetics: Those with a family history of stomach cancer are at an increased risk. Certain genetic mutations may make individuals more susceptible to the disease.

4. Age and Gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing significantly after the age of 50. Men are also more likely to develop stomach cancer than women.

5. Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption have been found to increase the risk of stomach cancer. Tobacco use damages the stomach lining, while alcohol may lead to chronic inflammation.

6. Pre-existing Medical Conditions: Conditions like gastric ulcers, polyps, or chronic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining) can increase the chances of stomach cancer. Additionally, those with blood type A are believed to be at higher risk.

While these factors contribute to the development of stomach cancer, it is important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will necessarily develop the disease. Conversely, stomach cancer can also occur in individuals with no obvious risk factors.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

In the early stages, stomach cancer may not present noticeable symptoms, making it difficult to detect early on. As the cancer progresses, the following symptoms may begin to appear:

1. Abdominal Pain and Discomfort: One of the most common symptoms of stomach cancer is persistent stomach pain or discomfort. The pain may be dull or sharp, and it often worsens after eating.

2. Bloating and Indigestion: Many people with stomach cancer experience bloating or a feeling of fullness even after eating a small meal. This is often accompanied by indigestion or heartburn.

3. Unexplained Weight Loss: A sudden and unexplained weight loss is a common sign of cancer. This can be caused by the body’s inability to properly absorb nutrients due to the cancer’s interference with the stomach’s function.

4. Nausea and Vomiting: Stomach cancer can lead to nausea and vomiting, especially after eating. This may occur if the tumor obstructs the stomach and causes food to back up into the esophagus.

5. Loss of Appetite: A decreased appetite, particularly for meat, is another potential symptom. This often leads to unintentional weight loss.

6. Blood in Stool or Vomit: In advanced stages, stomach cancer may cause bleeding. This can result in visible blood in the stool or vomit, which may appear as a dark, tarry substance.

If any of these symptoms persist, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly. While these symptoms are common to other conditions as well, early diagnosis can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer

Diagnosing stomach cancer involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests. Some of the common diagnostic methods include:

1. Endoscopy: During an endoscopy, a long tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth to examine the stomach. This allows the doctor to look for any abnormal growths or tumors. A biopsy (tissue sample) can also be taken during this procedure for further testing.

2. Imaging Tests: Imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds may be used to visualize the stomach and surrounding areas. These tests help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

3. Blood Tests: Blood tests can help identify markers of stomach cancer, such as the presence of certain proteins or substances released by tumors.

4. Barium Swallow: In some cases, a barium swallow (also called an upper GI series) may be used. The patient drinks a barium solution that helps highlight abnormalities in the stomach when viewed under X-ray.

Treatment of Stomach Cancer

The treatment of stomach cancer depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed, the location of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:

1. Surgery: If the cancer is localized, surgery may be performed to remove part or all of the stomach (gastrectomy). This is the most effective treatment for early-stage stomach cancer.

2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy may also be used as the primary treatment for advanced-stage stomach cancer.

3. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target cancer cells. It is often used in conjunction with chemotherapy or after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.

4. Targeted Therapy: This newer treatment option targets specific molecules involved in the growth of cancer cells, aiming to block cancer cell growth while minimizing damage to normal cells.

5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It can be used in some advanced cases of stomach cancer.

Cost of Stomach Cancer Treatment in India

The cost of stomach cancer treatment in India can vary based on several factors, including the stage of cancer, treatment type, and hospital. On average, the stomach cancer treatment cost in India can range from ₹2,00,000 to ₹8,00,000 for a comprehensive treatment plan involving surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. More advanced treatments such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy can increase the cost significantly.

However, India is known for offering high-quality medical care at a fraction of the cost compared to many Western countries. Many international patients seek treatment in India due to the affordability and expertise of Indian hospitals.

Conclusion

Stomach cancer is a serious condition, but early detection and treatment can improve the chances of survival. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options can help individuals make informed decisions about their health. If you or a loved one experience persistent stomach pain, weight loss, or other symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for early diagnosis and intervention. With the growing availability of advanced treatments in India, many individuals are able to access world-class care at a fraction of the cost compared to other countries.